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      <maintitle inherited="0" form="plain">Comparing Shapes of Engel Curves</maintitle>
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      <keyword inherited="0" form="plain">Consumption</keyword>
      <keyword inherited="0" form="plain">Kernel method</keyword>
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      <keyword inherited="0" form="plain">Curve shape</keyword>
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      <abstract inherited="0" form="plain">We measure how diﬀerent the shapes of Engel curves are across 59 commodity groups. The same analysis is carried out for their derivatives and variances. While Engel curves possess a relatively homogeneous shape, signiﬁcantly more heterogeneity is present in derivatives and when particular sub-classes of income are considered.</abstract>
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